Profit Margin Calculator: Understanding COGS, Revenue & Markup
Calculate profit margins and markup percentages from any two inputs. Compare gross vs net profit with operating expenses and use scale view for volume planning.
Understanding Margin vs. Markup
The Fundamental Difference
- Margin Formula:Margin = (Revenue - Cost) / Revenue ร 100
- Markup Formula:Markup = (Revenue - Cost) / Cost ร 100
- Key Insight:A 100% markup equals a 50% margin. A 200% markup equals a 66.7% margin.
Margin and markup are often confused but represent different calculations. Margin is profit as a percentage of revenue (selling price), while markup is profit as a percentage of cost. A 100% markupโdoubling your costโresults in only a 50% margin.
Understanding this relationship is crucial for accurate pricing. Many businesses undershoot profit targets by confusing markup with margin.
Calculating Selling Price from Margin
The Inverse Pricing Formula
- Example 1:Cost = $50, Target Margin = 30%. Selling Price = $50 / (1 - 0.30) = $71.43
- Example 2:Cost = $100, Target Margin = 40%. Selling Price = $100 / (1 - 0.40) = $166.67
- Common Mistake:Adding 30% to cost ($65) only gives 23% margin, not 30%
To find the selling price that achieves a target margin, use the inverse formula:
Selling Price = Cost / (1 - Margin / 100)
This ensures you hit your profit target rather than undershooting it by simply adding a percentage to cost.
Always use the inverse formula when setting prices based on target margins to avoid leaving money on the table.
Gross vs. Net Profit Margin
Understanding Margin Types
- Gross Margin:Profit after COGS / Revenue. Shows product profitability.
- Net Margin:Profit after all expenses / Revenue. Shows true business profitability.
- Operating Expenses:Marketing, rent, salaries, utilities, taxes reduce gross to net margin
- Pricing Strategy:Always factor in operating costs when setting prices to achieve target net margins
Gross margin represents profit after cost of goods sold but before operating expenses. Net margin accounts for all expenses. A business with 40% gross margin might have only 10% net margin after marketing, rent, and taxes.
Focus on net margin for long-term business sustainability, but monitor gross margin for product-level decisions.
Industry Margin Benchmarks (2026)
Sector-Specific Profit Margins
- Technology:Average 20% net margin (high gross margins, significant R&D costs)
- Retail:Average 5% net margin (low margins, high volume model)
- Manufacturing:Average 10% net margin (moderate margins, capital-intensive)
- Services:Average 15% net margin (variable margins based on service type)
- Finance:Average 25% net margin (high margins, regulatory costs)
Profit margins vary significantly by industry. Understanding these benchmarks helps you assess whether your pricing strategy is competitive and sustainable.
Compare your margins against these benchmarks to assess your pricing strategy and identify opportunities for optimization.
FAQ
? What is the difference between margin and markup?
Margin is profit as a percentage of revenue (selling price), while markup is profit as a percentage of cost. For example, a 100% markup (doubling the cost) results in only a 50% margin. Margin = (Revenue - Cost) / Revenue ร 100, while Markup = (Revenue - Cost) / Cost ร 100.
? How do I calculate the selling price from cost and desired margin?
To find the selling price from cost and desired margin, use the formula: Selling Price = Cost / (1 - Margin/100). For example, if your cost is $50 and you want a 30% margin, your selling price should be $50 / (1 - 0.30) = $71.43.
? What is a good profit margin for my business?
Profit margins vary by industry. In 2026, technology companies average around 20% net margin, retail averages 5%, manufacturing around 10%, services 15%, and finance 25%. Gross margins (before operating expenses) are typically higher. Use our calculator to compare your margin against industry benchmarks.
? What is the difference between gross profit and net profit?
Gross profit is revenue minus cost of goods sold (COGS). Net profit is gross profit minus operating expenses like shipping, marketing, rent, utilities, and other overhead costs. Gross margin shows product profitability, while net margin shows true business profitability after all expenses.
? How do I calculate gross profit?
Gross profit = Revenue - Cost of Goods Sold (COGS). Gross profit margin = (Gross Profit / Revenue) ร 100. This represents profit before operating expenses like marketing, rent, and taxes. Net margin accounts for all expenses.
? What is the relationship between markup and margin?
Markup and margin are inversely related. A 50% markup equals a 33.3% margin. A 100% markup equals a 50% margin. A 200% markup equals a 66.7% margin. The higher the markup, the lower the margin percentage, but both represent the same dollar profit.
? How do operating expenses affect my profit margin?
Operating expenses reduce your gross profit to net profit. For example, if you have a 40% gross margin but 30% in operating expenses, your net margin is only 10%. Always factor in operating costs when setting prices to achieve target net margins.
? What should I include in Cost of Goods Sold (COGS)?
COGS includes direct costs to produce or acquire the product: materials, labor, manufacturing overhead, and purchase price for resale items. It does not include operating expenses like marketing, rent, utilities, or administrative costs.